docs/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html - platform/ndk - Git at Google

 <html><body><pre>Android Native CPU ABI Management


 Introduction:
 =============

 Every piece of native code generated with the Android NDK matches a given
 "Application Binary Interface" (ABI) that defines exactly how your
 application's machine code is expected to interact with the system at
 runtime.

 A typical ABI describes things in *excruciating* details, and will typically
 include the following information:

   - the CPU instruction set that the machine code should use

   - the endianness of memory stores and loads at runtime

   - the format of executable binaries (shared libraries, programs, etc...)
     and what type of content is allowed/supported in them.

   - various conventions used to pass data between your code and
     the system (e.g. how registers and/or the stack are used when functions
     are called, alignment constraints, etc...)

   - alignment and size constraints for enum types, structure fields and
     arrays.

   - the list of function symbols available to your machine code at runtime,
     generally from a very specific selected set of libraries.

 This document lists the exact ABIs supported by the Android NDK and the
 official Android platform releases.


 I. Supported ABIs:
 ==================

 Each supported ABI is identified by a unique name.


  I.1. 'armeabi'
  --------------

   This is the name of an ABI for ARM-based CPUs that support *at* *least*
   the ARMv5TE instruction set. Please refer to following documentation for
   more details:

    - ARM Architecture Reference manual                (a.k.a  ARMARM)
    - Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. AAPCS)
    - ELF for the ARM Architecture                     (a.k.a. ARMELF)
    - ABI for the ARM Architecture                     (a.k.a. BSABI)
    - Base Platform ABI for the ARM Architecture       (a.k.a. BPABI)
    - C Library ABI for the ARM Architecture           (a.k.a. CLIABI)
    - C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture                 (a.k.a. CPPABI)
    - Runtime ABI for the ARM Architecture             (a.k.a. RTABI)

    - ELF System V Application Binary Interface
      (DRAFT - 24 April 2001)

    - Generic C++ ABI  (http://mentorembedded.github.com/cxx-abi/abi.html)

   Note that the AAPCS standard defines 'EABI' as a moniker used to specify
   a _family_ of similar but distinct ABIs. Android follows the little-endian
   ARM GNU/Linux ABI as documented in the following document:

     http://sourcery.mentor.com/sgpp/lite/arm/portal/kbattach142/arm_gnu_linux_abi.pdf

   With the exception that wchar_t is only one byte. This should not matter
   in practice since wchar_t is simply *not* really supported by the Android
   platform anyway.

   This ABI does *not* support hardware-assisted floating point computations.
   Instead, all FP operations are performed through software helper functions
   that come from the compiler's libgcc.a static library.

   Thumb (a.k.a. Thumb-1) instructions are supported. Note that the NDK
   will generate thumb code by default, unless you define LOCAL_ARM_MODE
   in your Android.mk (see docs/ANDROID-MK.html for all details).


  I.2. 'armeabi-v7a'
  ------------------

   This is the name of another ARM-based CPU ABI that *extends* 'armeabi' to
   include a few CPU instruction set extensions as described in the following
   document:

   - ARM Architecture v7-a Reference Manual

   The instruction extensions supported by this Android-specific ABI are:

      - The Thumb-2 instruction set extension.
      - The VFP hardware FPU instructions.

   More specifically, VFPv3-D16 is being used, which corresponds to 16
   dedicated 64-bit floating point registers provided by the CPU.

   Other extensions described by the v7-a ARM like Advanced SIMD (a.k.a. NEON),
   VFPv3-D32 or ThumbEE are optional to this ABI, which means that developers
   should check *at* *runtime* whether the extensions are available and provide
   alternative code paths if this is not the case.

   (Just like one typically does on x86 systems to check/use MMX/SSE2/etc...
    specialized instructions).

   You can check docs/CPU-FEATURES.html to see how to perform these runtime
   checks, and docs/CPU-ARM-NEON.html to learn about the NDK's support for
   building NEON-capable machine code too.

   IMPORTANT NOTE: This ABI enforces that all double values are passed during
   function calls in 'core' register pairs, instead of dedicated FP ones.
   However, all internal computations can be performed with the FP registers
   and will be greatly sped up.

   This little constraint, while resulting in a slight decrease of
   performance, ensures binary compatibility with all existing 'armeabi'
   binaries.

   IMPORTANT NOTE: The 'armeabi-v7a' machine code will *not* run on ARMv5 or
                   ARMv6 based devices.


  I.3. 'x86'
  ----------

   This is the name of an ABI for CPUs supporting the instruction set
   commonly named 'x86' or 'IA-32'. More specifically, this ABI corresponds
   to the following:

   - instructions normally generated by GCC with the following compiler
     flags:

       -march=i686 -mtune=atom -mstackrealign -msse3 -mfpmath=sse -m32

     which targets Pentium Pro instruction set, according to the GCC
     documentation, plus the MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction set
     extensions. Generated code is optimized for Atom CPU.

     IMPORTANT NOTE: Flags above are not optimization guide. Compiler
     optimization options which are used by default and/or recommended for
     performance boost on x86 are not included. For performance optimization
     hints on x86 GCC please refer to the following article:

     http://software.intel.com/blogs/2012/09/26/gcc-x86-performance-hints

   - using the standard Linux x86 32-bit calling convention (e.g. section 6,
     "Register Usage" of the "Calling conventions..." document below), not
     the SVR4 one.

   The ABI does *not* include any other optional IA-32 instruction set
   extension, including, but not limited to:

   - the MOVBE instruction
   - the SSSE3 "supplemental SSE3" extension
   - any variant of "SSE4"

   You can still use these, as long as you use runtime feature probing to
   enable them, and provide fallbacks for devices that do not support them.

   Please refer to the following documents for more details:

     http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/i386-and-x86_002d64-Options.html

     Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems
       http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf

     Intel IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual
       volume 2: Instruction Set Reference

     Intel IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual
       volume 3: System Programming

     Amendment to System V Application Binary Interface
       Intel386 Processor Architecture Supplement


  I.4. 'mips'
  -----------

   This is the name of an ABI for MIPS-based CPUs that support *at* *least*
   the MIPS32r1 instruction set. The ABI includes the following features:

    - MIPS32 revision 1 ISA
    - Little-Endian
    - O32
    - Hard-Float
    - no DSP application specific extensions

   Please refer to following documentation for more details:

    - ELF for the MIPS Architecture                    (a.k.a. MIPSELF)
    - FAQ for MIPS Toolchains                          (a.k.a. MIPSFAQ)
    - Toolchain Specifics                              (a.k.a. MIPSTOOL)
    - SDE Library                                      (a.k.a. MIPSSDE)
    - Instruction Set Quick Reference                  (a.k.a. MIPSISA)
    - Architecture for Programmers                     (a.k.a. MIPSARCH)

    - ELF System V Application Binary Interface
      (DRAFT - 24 April 2001)
    - Generic C++ ABI  (http://sourcery.mentor.com/public/cxx-abi/abi.html)

   The MIPS specific documentation is available at:
   http://www.mips.com/products/product-materials/processor/mips-architecture/
   https://sourcery.mentor.com/sgpp/lite/mips/portal/target_arch?@action=faq&target_arch=MIPS

   Note: This ABI assumes a CPU:FPU clock ratio of 2:1 for maximum
   compatibility.

   Note: that MIPS16 support is not provided, nor is micromips.


 II. Generating code for a specific ABI:
 =======================================

 By default, the NDK will generate machine code for the 'armeabi' ABI.
 You can however add the following line to your Application.mk to generate
 ARMv7-a compatible machine code instead:

    APP_ABI := armeabi-v7a

 It is also possible to build machine code for *two* distinct ABIs by using:

    APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a

 This will instruct the NDK to build two versions of your machine code: one for
 each ABI listed on this line. Both libraries will be copied to your application
 project path and will be ultimately packaged into your .apk.

 Such a package is called a "fat binary" in Android speak since it contains
 machine code for more than one CPU architecture. At installation time, the
 package manager will only unpack the most appropriate machine code for the
 target device. See below for details.


 III. ABI Management on the Android platform:
 ============================================

 This section provides specific details about how the Android platform manages
 native code in application packages.


   III.1. Native code in Application Packages:
   -------------------------------------------

     It is expected that shared libraries generated with the NDK are stored in
     the final application package (.apk) at locations of the form:

        lib/&lt;abi&gt;/lib&lt;name&gt;.so

     Where &lt;abi&gt; is one of the ABI names listed in section II above, and &lt;name&gt;
     is a name that can be used when loading the shared library from the VM
     as in:

         System.loadLibrary("&lt;name&gt;");

     Since .apk files are just zip files, you can trivially list their content
     with a command like:

         unzip -l &lt;apk&gt;

     to verify that the native shared libraries you want are indeed at the
     proper location. You can also place native shared libraries at other
     locations within the .apk, but they will be ignored by the system, or more
     precisely by the steps described below; you will need to extract/install
     them manually in your application.

     In the case of a "fat" binary, up to four distinct libraries can be placed
     in the  .apk, for example at:

         lib/armeabi/libfoo.so
         lib/armeabi-v7a/libfoo.so
         lib/x86/libfoo.so
         lib/mips/libfoo.so


   III.2. Android Platform ABI support:
   ------------------------------------

     The Android system knows at runtime which ABI(s) it supports. More
     precisely, up to two build-specific system properties are used to
     indicate:

     - the 'primary' ABI for the device, corresponding to the machine
       code used in the system image itself.

     - an optional 'secondary' ABI, corresponding to another ABI that
       is also supported by the system image.

     For example, a typical ARMv5TE-based device would only define
     the primary ABI as 'armeabi' and not define a secondary one.

     On the other hand, a typical ARMv7-based device would define the
     primary ABI to 'armeabi-v7a' and the secondary one to 'armeabi'
     since it can run application native binaries generated for both
     of them.

     A typical x86-based device only defines a primary abi named 'x86'.

     A typical MIPS-based device only defines a primary abi named 'mips'.

   III.3. Automatic extraction of native code at install time:
   -----------------------------------------------------------

     When installing an application, the package manager service will scan
     the .apk and look for any shared library of the form:

          lib/&lt;primary-abi&gt;/lib&lt;name&gt;.so

     If one is found, then it is copied under $APPDIR/lib/lib&lt;name&gt;.so,
     where $APPDIR corresponds to the application's specific data directory.

     If none is found, and a secondary ABI is defined, the service will
     then scan for shared libraries of the form:

         lib/&lt;secondary-abi&gt;/lib&lt;name&gt;.so

     If anything is found, then it is copied under $APPDIR/lib/lib&lt;name&gt;.so

     This mechanism ensures that the best machine code for the target
     device is automatically extracted from the package at installation
     time.
 </pre></body></html>
	<html><body><pre>Android Native CPU ABI Management


	Introduction:
	=============

	Every piece of native code generated with the Android NDK matches a given
	"Application Binary Interface" (ABI) that defines exactly how your
	application's machine code is expected to interact with the system at
	runtime.

	A typical ABI describes things in excruciating details, and will typically
	include the following information:

	- the CPU instruction set that the machine code should use

	- the endianness of memory stores and loads at runtime

	- the format of executable binaries (shared libraries, programs, etc...)
	and what type of content is allowed/supported in them.

	- various conventions used to pass data between your code and
	the system (e.g. how registers and/or the stack are used when functions
	are called, alignment constraints, etc...)

	- alignment and size constraints for enum types, structure fields and
	arrays.

	- the list of function symbols available to your machine code at runtime,
	generally from a very specific selected set of libraries.

	This document lists the exact ABIs supported by the Android NDK and the
	official Android platform releases.


	I. Supported ABIs:
	==================

	Each supported ABI is identified by a unique name.


	I.1. 'armeabi'
	--------------

	This is the name of an ABI for ARM-based CPUs that support at least
	the ARMv5TE instruction set. Please refer to following documentation for
	more details:

	- ARM Architecture Reference manual (a.k.a ARMARM)
	- Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. AAPCS)
	- ELF for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. ARMELF)
	- ABI for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. BSABI)
	- Base Platform ABI for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. BPABI)
	- C Library ABI for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. CLIABI)
	- C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. CPPABI)
	- Runtime ABI for the ARM Architecture (a.k.a. RTABI)

	- ELF System V Application Binary Interface
	(DRAFT - 24 April 2001)

	- Generic C++ ABI (http://mentorembedded.github.com/cxx-abi/abi.html)

	Note that the AAPCS standard defines 'EABI' as a moniker used to specify
	a _family_ of similar but distinct ABIs. Android follows the little-endian
	ARM GNU/Linux ABI as documented in the following document:

	http://sourcery.mentor.com/sgpp/lite/arm/portal/kbattach142/arm_gnu_linux_abi.pdf

	With the exception that wchar_t is only one byte. This should not matter
	in practice since wchar_t is simply not really supported by the Android
	platform anyway.

	This ABI does not support hardware-assisted floating point computations.
	Instead, all FP operations are performed through software helper functions
	that come from the compiler's libgcc.a static library.

	Thumb (a.k.a. Thumb-1) instructions are supported. Note that the NDK
	will generate thumb code by default, unless you define LOCAL_ARM_MODE
	in your Android.mk (see docs/ANDROID-MK.html for all details).


	I.2. 'armeabi-v7a'
	------------------

	This is the name of another ARM-based CPU ABI that extends 'armeabi' to
	include a few CPU instruction set extensions as described in the following
	document:

	- ARM Architecture v7-a Reference Manual

	The instruction extensions supported by this Android-specific ABI are:

	- The Thumb-2 instruction set extension.
	- The VFP hardware FPU instructions.

	More specifically, VFPv3-D16 is being used, which corresponds to 16
	dedicated 64-bit floating point registers provided by the CPU.

	Other extensions described by the v7-a ARM like Advanced SIMD (a.k.a. NEON),
	VFPv3-D32 or ThumbEE are optional to this ABI, which means that developers
	should check at runtime whether the extensions are available and provide
	alternative code paths if this is not the case.

	(Just like one typically does on x86 systems to check/use MMX/SSE2/etc...
	specialized instructions).

	You can check docs/CPU-FEATURES.html to see how to perform these runtime
	checks, and docs/CPU-ARM-NEON.html to learn about the NDK's support for
	building NEON-capable machine code too.

	IMPORTANT NOTE: This ABI enforces that all double values are passed during
	function calls in 'core' register pairs, instead of dedicated FP ones.
	However, all internal computations can be performed with the FP registers
	and will be greatly sped up.

	This little constraint, while resulting in a slight decrease of
	performance, ensures binary compatibility with all existing 'armeabi'
	binaries.

	IMPORTANT NOTE: The 'armeabi-v7a' machine code will not run on ARMv5 or
	ARMv6 based devices.


	I.3. 'x86'
	----------

	This is the name of an ABI for CPUs supporting the instruction set
	commonly named 'x86' or 'IA-32'. More specifically, this ABI corresponds
	to the following:

	- instructions normally generated by GCC with the following compiler
	flags:

	-march=i686 -mtune=atom -mstackrealign -msse3 -mfpmath=sse -m32

	which targets Pentium Pro instruction set, according to the GCC
	documentation, plus the MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction set
	extensions. Generated code is optimized for Atom CPU.

	IMPORTANT NOTE: Flags above are not optimization guide. Compiler
	optimization options which are used by default and/or recommended for
	performance boost on x86 are not included. For performance optimization
	hints on x86 GCC please refer to the following article:

	http://software.intel.com/blogs/2012/09/26/gcc-x86-performance-hints

	- using the standard Linux x86 32-bit calling convention (e.g. section 6,
	"Register Usage" of the "Calling conventions..." document below), not
	the SVR4 one.

	The ABI does not include any other optional IA-32 instruction set
	extension, including, but not limited to:

	- the MOVBE instruction
	- the SSSE3 "supplemental SSE3" extension
	- any variant of "SSE4"

	You can still use these, as long as you use runtime feature probing to
	enable them, and provide fallbacks for devices that do not support them.

	Please refer to the following documents for more details:

	http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/i386-and-x86_002d64-Options.html

	Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems
	http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf

	Intel IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual
	volume 2: Instruction Set Reference

	Intel IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual
	volume 3: System Programming

	Amendment to System V Application Binary Interface
	Intel386 Processor Architecture Supplement


	I.4. 'mips'
	-----------

	This is the name of an ABI for MIPS-based CPUs that support at least
	the MIPS32r1 instruction set. The ABI includes the following features:

	- MIPS32 revision 1 ISA
	- Little-Endian
	- O32
	- Hard-Float
	- no DSP application specific extensions

	Please refer to following documentation for more details:

	- ELF for the MIPS Architecture (a.k.a. MIPSELF)
	- FAQ for MIPS Toolchains (a.k.a. MIPSFAQ)
	- Toolchain Specifics (a.k.a. MIPSTOOL)
	- SDE Library (a.k.a. MIPSSDE)
	- Instruction Set Quick Reference (a.k.a. MIPSISA)
	- Architecture for Programmers (a.k.a. MIPSARCH)

	- ELF System V Application Binary Interface
	(DRAFT - 24 April 2001)
	- Generic C++ ABI (http://sourcery.mentor.com/public/cxx-abi/abi.html)

	The MIPS specific documentation is available at:
	http://www.mips.com/products/product-materials/processor/mips-architecture/
	https://sourcery.mentor.com/sgpp/lite/mips/portal/target_arch?@action=faq&target_arch=MIPS

	Note: This ABI assumes a CPU:FPU clock ratio of 2:1 for maximum
	compatibility.

	Note: that MIPS16 support is not provided, nor is micromips.


	II. Generating code for a specific ABI:
	=======================================

	By default, the NDK will generate machine code for the 'armeabi' ABI.
	You can however add the following line to your Application.mk to generate
	ARMv7-a compatible machine code instead:

	APP_ABI := armeabi-v7a

	It is also possible to build machine code for two distinct ABIs by using:

	APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a

	This will instruct the NDK to build two versions of your machine code: one for
	each ABI listed on this line. Both libraries will be copied to your application
	project path and will be ultimately packaged into your .apk.

	Such a package is called a "fat binary" in Android speak since it contains
	machine code for more than one CPU architecture. At installation time, the
	package manager will only unpack the most appropriate machine code for the
	target device. See below for details.



	III. ABI Management on the Android platform:
	============================================

	This section provides specific details about how the Android platform manages
	native code in application packages.


	III.1. Native code in Application Packages:
	-------------------------------------------

	It is expected that shared libraries generated with the NDK are stored in
	the final application package (.apk) at locations of the form:

	lib/<abi>/lib<name>.so

	Where <abi> is one of the ABI names listed in section II above, and <name>
	is a name that can be used when loading the shared library from the VM
	as in:

	System.loadLibrary("<name>");

	Since .apk files are just zip files, you can trivially list their content
	with a command like:

	unzip -l <apk>

	to verify that the native shared libraries you want are indeed at the
	proper location. You can also place native shared libraries at other
	locations within the .apk, but they will be ignored by the system, or more
	precisely by the steps described below; you will need to extract/install
	them manually in your application.

	In the case of a "fat" binary, up to four distinct libraries can be placed
	in the .apk, for example at:

	lib/armeabi/libfoo.so
	lib/armeabi-v7a/libfoo.so
	lib/x86/libfoo.so
	lib/mips/libfoo.so


	III.2. Android Platform ABI support:
	------------------------------------

	The Android system knows at runtime which ABI(s) it supports. More
	precisely, up to two build-specific system properties are used to
	indicate:

	- the 'primary' ABI for the device, corresponding to the machine
	code used in the system image itself.

	- an optional 'secondary' ABI, corresponding to another ABI that
	is also supported by the system image.

	For example, a typical ARMv5TE-based device would only define
	the primary ABI as 'armeabi' and not define a secondary one.

	On the other hand, a typical ARMv7-based device would define the
	primary ABI to 'armeabi-v7a' and the secondary one to 'armeabi'
	since it can run application native binaries generated for both
	of them.

	A typical x86-based device only defines a primary abi named 'x86'.

	A typical MIPS-based device only defines a primary abi named 'mips'.

	III.3. Automatic extraction of native code at install time:
	-----------------------------------------------------------

	When installing an application, the package manager service will scan
	the .apk and look for any shared library of the form:

	lib/<primary-abi>/lib<name>.so

	If one is found, then it is copied under $APPDIR/lib/lib<name>.so,
	where $APPDIR corresponds to the application's specific data directory.

	If none is found, and a secondary ABI is defined, the service will
	then scan for shared libraries of the form:

	lib/<secondary-abi>/lib<name>.so

	If anything is found, then it is copied under $APPDIR/lib/lib<name>.so

	This mechanism ensures that the best machine code for the target
	device is automatically extracted from the package at installation
	time.
	</pre></body></html>